Commentary By Louis Jacobson

Presidential Downballot Losses: An Updated History and a Look Ahead to Trump’s Second Term By Louis Jacobson

KEY POINTS FROM THIS ARTICLE

— Since World War II, presidents have consistently presided over losses for their party in downballot offices—in the Senate, the House, governorships, and state legislatures. This is an indication of “thermostatic” public opinion, in which a decisive fraction of the electorate becomes disenchanted with the party in power and punishes them in down-ballot contests.

— President Joe Biden lost ground in the Senate, the House, and in state legislative seats. But unusually among postwar presidents, Biden escaped losses in governorships and state legislative chamber majorities controlled. In addition, Biden’s losses in the other three downballot categories were more modest than the postwar average.

— Biden’s pattern of modest down-ballot losses echoes the record of Donald Trump during his first term—setbacks, but muted ones. One possible reason: Intensifying partisan polarization, which has made voters less likely than in the past to consider voting for the other party, effectively dampening the potential for large downballot pendulum swings against the president’s party.

— Trump hasn’t faced a midterm election in his second term yet, but he has already experienced one gubernatorial flip and many flipped state legislative seats.

One-Party Dominance in the States: Only a Few Have Party Diversity Among Their Statewide Officeholders By Louis Jacobson

KEY POINTS FROM THIS ARTICLE

— In 41 of the 50 states, every statewide executive office is held by the same party—a striking indicator of the scope of political polarization today. In another six states, one side has a clear edge.

— This leaves only three states that have a relatively balanced mix of Republican and Democratic statewide officeholders: Arizona, Nevada, and North Carolina.

— Overall, the stronger party’s dominance has grown in recent years. In March 2020, the last time we conducted this analysis, 16 states had at least some degree of bipartisanship in their ranks of statewide executive offices, which is almost twice today’s level.

Handicapping The 2026 State Legislative Map: A First Look By Louis Jacobson

KEY POINTS FROM THIS ARTICLE

— In our first handicapping of state legislature control for the 2026 cycle, we find 15 chambers that are competitive—either Leans Republican, Toss-up, or Leans Democratic. That’s slightly higher than the number we found at a similar point in the 2022 and 2024 election cycles.

— At this point in the 2026 cycle, the Republicans are playing defense in more chambers than the Democrats are. The GOP currently holds 8 of the competitive chambers, while the Democrats hold 4 of them. Meanwhile, both Alaska chambers are controlled by a cross-partisan alliance that is favored to continue, and Minnesota’s House chamber should revert to being tied once vacancies are filled by special elections later this month.

— Among the chambers we rate as competitive, 9 are Toss-ups. This category includes 6 Republican-held chambers (the Arizona Senate, the Arizona House, the Michigan House, the New Hampshire House, the Wisconsin Senate, and the Wisconsin House) and 2 Democratic-held chambers (the Michigan Senate and the Minnesota Senate), as well as the aforementioned, tied Minnesota House.

— In many states, Democrats are looking forward to a favorable cycle, driven by a reaction to President Donald Trump and his policies. However, in some states, voters may be tired of Democratic governance at the state level, creating cross-cutting pressures.

— In a number of legislative chambers controlled by Republicans, Democrats are hoping to ride a blue wave and break GOP supermajorities.

This November’s Statewide Ballot Issues: California’s Redistricting Fight Looms Large By Louis Jacobson

KEY POINTS FROM THIS ARTICLE

— Odd-numbered years typically have far fewer statewide ballot measures than even-numbered years do. But voters in several states will be weighing in on a few notable ballot measures this November.

— The highest profile measure is in California, where Gov. Gavin Newsom and his fellow Democrats in the legislature are asking voters to green-light a mid-decade redistricting in response to the one Republicans in Texas just completed.

— Voters in Colorado, Maine, Texas, and Washington state will also decide on notable ballot measures in November.

State Supreme Courts: Retention Elections in PA, an Open Seat in WI, and Much More By Louis Jacobson

KEY POINTS FROM THIS ARTICLE

— In most cases, state supreme court elections get little attention, but they can have important impacts on policy.

— There will be one state with closely watched state supreme court elections in 2025: Pennsylvania. Then, in 2026, elections are currently scheduled for 31 states, although that number could change depending on retirements or deaths.

— In addition to the 2025 races in Pennsylvania, the 2026 contests likely to attract attention are in Michigan, Montana, North Carolina, Ohio, Wisconsin, and possibly Alabama and Kentucky.

State Attorneys General: The Top Races to be “Top Cop” By Louis Jacobson

KEY POINTS FROM THIS ARTICLE

— This cycle, 31 states will hold elections for attorney general—one in 2025 (Virginia) and the rest in 2026.

— Currently, the GOP holds 28 attorney general offices to 22 for the Democrats (counting an independent in Hawaii who was appointed by Democratic Gov. Josh Green).

— Our analysis suggests that seven AG races this year are currently competitive, including five Toss-ups. Democrats will largely be playing defense: All five seats in the Toss-up category are currently held by Democrats, with at least two of them open-seat races.

Previewing the 2026 Secretary of State Races By Louis Jacobson

KEY POINTS FROM THIS ARTICLE

— Next year, 26 states will hold elections for secretary of state. Currently, the GOP holds 26 secretary of state offices to 21 for the Democrats. Three states do not have a secretary of state.

— Our analysis suggests that five secretary of state races this year are currently competitive, including four in the Toss-up category. Democrats will largely be playing defense: All four Toss-up seats are currently held by Democrats.

— During the last election cycle that had this many secretary of state races, 2022, election denialism was a major issue, and in several purple states it helped Democrats defeat Republican nominees aligned with Donald Trump’s allegations of election fraud. With Trump winning back the presidency in 2024 and constitutionally ineligible to run for president again in 2028, it’s unclear whether this factor will remain as salient for voters in 2026.

Abortion Rights, Elections, Criminal Justice, and Much More: The 2024 State Ballot Issues to Watch By Louis Jacobson

KEY POINTS FROM THIS ARTICLE

— This year, 41 states have at least one measure on the ballot for voters to weigh in on, and many have multiple measures.

— The highest-profile issue on the ballot this year—as was the case in 2022 and 2023—is abortion. In all, 10 states have pro-abortion rights measures on the ballot, including such purple and red states as Arizona, Florida, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, and South Dakota. Nebraska also has an anti-abortion measure on the ballot.

— Voters will also be asked about a wide range of election-related issues, including ranked-choice voting, redistricting and non-citizen voting. Other common topics involve proposals on criminal justice, raising the minimum wage, recreational marijuana, and education policy.

The State Supreme Court Skirmishes By Louis Jacobson

KEY POINTS FROM THIS ARTICLE

— State supreme court elections are often ignored by the public and the media, but they can have a dramatic impact on public policy, especially in the post-Roe v. Wade era, when abortion policy is being sent back to the states.

— Numerically, 2024 is a very big year for such elections: They will be held in 33 states. And in several of those states, ideological control of the court could shift depending on the results.

— This year, Michigan, Ohio, Montana, North Carolina, Kentucky, Arizona, and Florida will be home to some of the most consequential supreme court elections.

The Republicans’ ‘Excess Seat’ Edge in State Legislatures By Louis Jacobson

Republicans punch above their weight compared to presidential results in more places than Democrats.

KEY POINTS FROM THIS ARTICLE

— We analyzed 48 states to see which have the most lopsided state Senate and state House chambers compared to how the state voted for president.

— Both parties have some states in which the legislative breakdown significantly exaggerates the patterns of the presidential vote.

— For Democrats, Hawaii, Rhode Island and Massachusetts have the most “excess seats” above the presidential vote threshold. For Republicans, the list is both longer and more varied, with Florida, Ohio, and Wisconsin standing out as at least somewhat competitive states where the Republicans have large excess seat advantages.

— In all, Republicans have proven much more adept than Democrats at leveraging presidential vote patterns into even larger majorities in state legislative chambers. The GOP has achieved significant levels of excess seats in about three times as many states as the Democrats have.

— Gerrymandering is one reason for this, but it probably doesn’t explain the exaggerated legislative majorities in many states. Rather, the phenomenon of excess seats appears to be a natural consequence of minority parties being doomed into irrelevance once they start consistently losing presidential and statewide races, sapping their ability to recruit candidates and build party infrastructure.

The 2023 and 2024 Attorney General and Secretary of State Races By Louis Jacobson

Amidst several safe-state races with key primaries, competitive contests in North Carolina and Pennsylvania loom.

KEY POINTS FROM THIS ARTICLE

— The once low-profile contests for attorney general and secretary of state have become increasingly important for driving policy outcomes in the states, particularly in setting the rules for how elections are run.

— The current campaign cycle doesn’t promise quite as much drama as there was in 2022, when several key presidential battleground states played host to tight contests between Republicans aligned with former President Donald Trump and more mainstream Democrats.

— For the current 2023-2024 cycle, we are starting our handicapping by assigning 18 of the 23 races to either the Safe Republican or the Safe Democratic category. Still, a number of these states will undergo wide-open primaries with different ideological flavors of candidates. And in the general election, we see three races as highly competitive: the attorney general and secretary of state races in North Carolina and the AG race in Pennsylvania.

Secretary of State and Attorney General: What to Watch for Next Week in Key Statewide Contests By Louis Jacobson

KEY POINTS FROM THIS ARTICLE

— In our final pre-election handicapping of key down-ballot contests this year, we see 11 secretary of state races and 12 state attorney general races as competitive.

— The races attracting the most attention nationally, understandably, are those that involve Republican nominees who have questioned the legitimacy of the 2020 presidential election. Whether such candidates can win this year in such presidential battleground states as Arizona and Nevada could have a big impact on the 2024 presidential race.

— It remains to be seen whether these Trump-aligned candidates can ride the Republican midterm tailwind to victory, or whether GOP voters and GOP-leaning independents decide to pick and choose which Republicans they vote for this year.

The (Updated) Battle for the Statehouses By Louis Jacobson

Chambers in key swing states like Michigan and Nevada get more competitive.

KEY POINTS FROM THIS ARTICLE

— In what we expect to be our final pre-election look at the nation’s legislatures, we are shifting our ratings for 7 chambers. We are moving 5 chambers in the Democrats’ direction, while 2 move in the Republicans’ direction.

— It’s important not to read too much into the imbalance in these shifts favoring the Democrats. The shifts reflect 2 major changes in the political environment since our last handicapping, which was published in May: the Supreme Court’s decision to overturn Roe vs. Wade, and GOP primaries that anointed polarizing candidates aligned with former President Donald Trump for key top-of-the-ballot contests.

— Overall, the landscape for competitive state legislative chambers this year is fairly neutral, with Republicans playing defense in 7 of the 15 chambers we see as competitive and Democrats playing defense in 8. The Toss-up category includes 7 chambers, 3 currently held by Republicans and 4 held by Democrats.

— Several of the key battleground states with high-profile statewide races also have competitive legislative chambers, such as Arizona, Michigan, and Nevada.

2022’s Ballot Measures By Louis Jacobson

States are set to vote on a range of measures dealing with abortion, elections, marijuana, and more.

KEY POINTS FROM THIS ARTICLE

— As happens every 2 years, voters across the country find a variety of ballot measures to vote on in 2022.

— The most closely watched issues will include abortion, with 3 states voting on protecting abortion rights and 2 others considering whether to impose limitations on abortion; election administration, including efforts to both expand and tighten voting rules; policy toward immigrants; and further expansion of legalized recreational marijuana.

Secretary of State Races: Election Deniers Carry GOP Banner in Several Key States By Louis Jacobson

KEY POINTS FROM THIS ARTICLE

— With most primaries now complete, a majority of the nation’s competitive secretary of state races pit a Republican nominee aligned with former President Donald Trump against a relatively mainstream Democrat.

— This could benefit Democrats by being able to run against less electable Republicans — or it may not matter if a Republican wave crests high enough, carrying even the most controversial Republican nominees to victory. Either way, voters in many states will face a stark choice about how elections are run in the future.

— Looking at this year’s 27 secretary of state races, we find 10 that appear to be competitive between the parties, at least for now. In another 10 races, the GOP is in the driver’s seat, while in another 7 races, the Democrats have a significant edge.

High Courts, High Stakes 2022’s top state supreme court races by Louis Jacobson

KEY POINTS FROM THIS ARTICLE

-- State supreme court contests often attract little public attention, but they can carry significant weight on policy, especially in an era when courts are having to weigh in on such divisive topics as abortion and election administration.

-- About two-thirds of the states have some type of state supreme court election on the ballot this year, but as of now, 8 states stand out as the likeliest to have at least one genuinely competitive race this fall: North Carolina, Ohio, Illinois, Montana, Michigan, Kentucky, New Mexico, and Arkansas.

Governors: Escaping Public’s Wrath Even as So Many Others Draw Ire By Louis Jacobson

State chief executives continue to get high marks from voters even as party leaders, Congress do not.

KEY POINTS FROM THIS ARTICLE

— Virtually every measurement of public opinion shows that Americans are in a foul mood about their political leaders and institutions. But one group seems to have escaped this wrath: governors.

— State-level job approval polls from Morning Consult show that 92% of governors are “above water” with voters in their states — that is, they have higher approval ratings than they do disapproval ratings. With a handful of exceptions, the data from other pollsters back up the general pattern seen in the Morning Consult polling.

— The polling suggests that several Democratic governors who are considered particularly vulnerable in a Republican-leaning midterm environment have managed to put some distance between how voters see them and President Joe Biden, which could improve their chances of winning reelection.

— The reasons why governors seem to be faring relatively well in this sour environment may have to do with the nature of the most worrisome issues for voters today (which include a number of policies that governors don’t directly control, such as inflation) and relatively flush coffers due to federal aid (which is sparing governors from having to make unpopular cuts or raise taxes).

The Battle for State Legislatures By Louis Jacobson

Looking for competition in sorted statehouses.

KEY POINTS FROM THIS ARTICLE

– In addition to usually facing midterm headwinds in federal races, the presidential party also often struggles in state legislative races in those years.

– However, Republicans have already made such impressive state legislative gains over the past dozen years that they do not have a ton of Democratic-held chambers to target.

–Republicans could plausibly flip chambers in states like Maine and Minnesota, while a better redistricting map could help Democrats in Michigan, a key battleground.

How Minority Parties (Might) Compete in One-Party States By Louis Jacobson

Playing in other party’s primary or backing an independent candidate are two possible options.

KEY POINTS FROM THIS ARTICLE

— In an increasingly polarized nation, one party often dominates in a state while the other is seemingly consigned to permanent irrelevance. In such states, primary voters for the dominant party are able to flex their muscles to nominate a comparatively extreme candidate, who is all but assured a victory in the general election.

— One creative way that minority parties in at least some of these states could fight back is to stop running candidates for major offices like senator and governor, and instead encourage their voters to vote for the more moderate candidate in the dominant party’s primary. This is at least theoretically possible in states where primaries are “open” to all voters, rather than just those registered to the party in question.

— Another is to back an independent candidate instead of nominating their own candidate, as Democrats recently chose to do in Utah.

Abortion Battlefields in a Potentially Post-Roe Political World By Louis Jacobson

Watch these states in the event of a landmark Supreme Court decision later this year.

KEY POINTS FROM THIS ARTICLE

— If the Supreme Court overturns Roe vs. Wade later this year, it could hypothetically energize Democratic voters in the 2022 midterms. But it’s unclear whether abortion will become a big enough motivator for Democrats to overcome the historical pattern of unfavorable midterms for the party controlling the White House, particularly if concern about the coronavirus pandemic and inflation remains high.

— Our analysis suggests that 7 states are the likeliest to experience political tensions over abortion, because they have majorities or pluralities of voters who favor abortion rights but have GOP-led legislatures who may feel driven to restrict abortion access if the Supreme Court overturns Roe.

— Each of these 7 states has a highly competitive gubernatorial or Senate race on tap for this fall, and several of them have 2 such races.